SUBJECT INDEX
Abridged life table 64, 68
Abortion,
spontaneous abortions 22, 196
sex
differences
196
Absolute limit to longevity 21
Accidents,
mortality and 58, 203
Accumulation of DNA damage 175, 181, 210
Accuracy 229-230
Activation energy 207
Actuarial
analysis 12-13
data 3
models 43-49
Acute disease 58
Adaptation determination hypothesis 97
Age
-dependent component of mortality
58, 77-85
discrimination 66, 68
exaggeration 86
-independent component of
mortality
58
misreporting 86
Aged
economics and the 9
Aging
accelerated 32
apologists for death and, 7-9
biology of 5
body temperature and 206-207
causes of 286-287
"clock" concept and 154, 206
differentiation and 216, 219,
222, 223
evolution and 158-161, 186
genetic programming and, 157-165,
210-211, 227
loss of function in, 229-230
models 232-289
of population 9
period 226
premature 32
programmed 157-165, 210-211, 227
rate of 285
research on, see gerontology
superprimary prevention of 182
Aging-in-vitro hypothesis 210-224
Aging rate, 285
determinants of 285
Alcohols 185
Allometry 165-175
Antigen diversity 186
Antioxidants 181, 185, 210
see also free radicals
glutathione 185, 317
life span and, 181-182
sex and, 185
superoxide dismutase (SOD) 175,
312
-tocopherol (vitamin E) 313
Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) 313, 318, 321
Aspirin 111
Autoimmunity 186, 230
Autopsy findings 108
Autoxidation,
species longevity and 318
Avalanche-like destruction model 246-251
Background (age-independent) component of mortality 59
definition 58
Bathtube curve 226
Bible 15, 67, 120, 122
Bingo model 235-236
Binomial distribution 258, 265
Binomial law of mortality 46, 260, 262, 267, 269, 275,
generalized form 46
Biochemical amortization of the organism 175
Biology of Life Span
definition of 5
epidemiologic approach to 86-106
historical background of 5, 10-15
hystory of the term 5, 13
key problem of 65
link with other disciplines 5,
10, 14-16
present state of 15-20
Biological age limit 119
Biological characteristics of the human life span 77-87
Biological component of mortality 90
definition and synonyms 90
regional differences in
90-97
Bionics 228
Birds 160, 274, 300-303
Blood
glucose 116, 209, 322
pressure 94, 200, 247, 282, 285
Body
size 310
temperature 154, 206-207
weight and longevity 174, 310
Brain
weight and longevity 166, 310
Breast cancer
mortality 95, 209, 279
Bronchitis, emphysema and asthma 279, 283-285
C-criterion 70-72
Caloric restriction 207-210
Cancer 95, 108, 199-204, 209, 279, 282, 283
Carcinogens 210
Cardiovascular disease 200, 203, 279, 281, 283
Catalase 210, 316, 320
Causes of death 107-112, 199-205, 276-285
endogenous 107-112
exogenous 107-112
interaction between 111-116,
276-285
quasi-endogenous 109
Cell
aging 224
cultures 210-224
death 216, 218, 219, 222, 224
differentiation 216, 219, 222,
223
division 222
fibroblast 211-224
loss in aging 224
postmitotic 216
stem 216, 218
Cellular
aging 224
Cerebrovascular disease 199, 279, 282-283
Certification error 108
Chance 44
Characteristic largest life span 124
Chi-square test 62
Cholesterol 90, 93, 110-111, 313
Cholestyramine 110
Chromosomes 167, 175, 248, 315
Cirrhosis of the liver 199, 280, 283
Clinical trials 110-111
Clock, internal 154, 206
Clofibrate 110
Coefficient of variation 23, 37
Cohort 31, 64, 66
definition 23
life table 64
construction
24
Compensation effect of mortality 148-156
Complete life table 64
Compression of morbidity 132
Copper 322
Coronary heart disease 200, 203, 279, 281, 283
Criterion of historical stability 77
Cultured cells 210-224
Current (period, cross-sectional, time-specific)
life table 64
method of construction 65-66
Cytochrome C oxidase 316
D-aspartic acid
accumulation with age 154
Death,
causes of 107-112, 199-205,
276-285
certificates 108
probability density (dx)
24, 25, 26, 65, 66
quota 114, 278
Demographic explosion 8
Demography 10
Density death probability (dx) 24, 25, 26, 65, 66
Derectangularization of the survival curve 115
Diabetes mellitus 247
Diet 207-210
Dietary
fats 95-96
restriction 207-210
Differentiation hypothesis 216, 219, 222, 223
Diseases
autoimmune 186, 230
caloric restriction and, 207-210
cancer 95, 108, 199-204, 209,
279, 282, 283
cardiovascular 200, 203, 279,
281, 283
Down's Syndrome 32, 175
Distribution
binomial 258, 265
function 241
lognormal 61
normal 21, 22, 28-30, 53, 58,
62, 246, 257
Planck 242
Poisson 254-255, 257, 258
Weibull 45, 46, 61, 71-72,
241-243,
262, 263, 269, 270
Division potential 210-214
DNA 175, 181, 210, 222, 229, 216, 319
Dose-effect curve 31
Down's syndrome 32, 175
Drosophila melanogaster 24-27, 29, 33, 50-51, 54-56, 149, 151, 154, 155, 187-190, 297-298
Duration of life see Life span
Ecological crisis hypothesis 106-107
Endogenous causes of death hypothesis 106-112
Energy metabolism 166, 175, 181, 208, 315
Environmental determination hypothesis 96
Enzyme levels and longevity 175, 185, 207, 209-210, 312, 316, 317, 320-321
Epidemiologic approach to the biology of life span 86-106
Epidemiology of the biological characteristics of human life span 90
Epoxides 210
Evolution
of longevity 158-161, 186
Expectation of life (ex) 24, 39
Factor analysis 203-204, 278-279, 281-284
Failure
definition 230
gradual 230
sudden 230
Failure rate see Force of mortality
Familial correlations of longevity 32-38
Fats, ditary, 95-96
Fibroblasts
proliferative life span 210-224
First asymptotic function of the distribution of least values 58
Food restriction 207-210
Foods
diseases and, 207-210
Force of mortality
definition 41
methods of estimation 41-42
synonyms 41
vs. probability of death 40-43,
127-129
Free radicals 94, 181, 207, 210, 318
Gametic integration 35
Gemfibrozil 111
Gender differences in life span 87
Genetic background 188, 190
Genetic determination hypothesis 96, 97
Genetics of longevity 32-38, 158
Geographical variation in mortality 86-105
Gerontology 5
Geroprotectors 30
Glucose 209, 229, 322
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase 185, 321
Glucose tolerance test 229
Glutathione 185, 317
Glutathione peroxidase 185, 317
Glycosylated haemoglobin 209
Gompertz law (formula) 43, 55, 58
Gompertz-Makeham law (formula) 43, 55, 58
estimation of the parameters 73-76
Gompertz function 44
historical background 13
historically stable parameters
77-85
Makeham parameter (term) 13, 44
Hayflick limit 215
Hazard function see Force of mortality
Hazard rate see Force of mortality
Heart disease
ischemic 200, 203, 279, 281, 283
Heredity 211
Heritability of life span 32-38, 158
Heterogeneity of the population 31, 34, 38, 67
genetic heterogeneity 32, 37,
38
Heterogeneous population model 264-272
Heterosis 35, 154, 206
Historical mortality convergence 101, 103
Historical mortality divergence 103
Historical mortality inversion 98, 101, 103
History of human life span and mortality 72-85
Homeostasis 154
Human diploid fibroblasts 212
Human life
value of 10
Human longevity 119-125
Human mortality
biological characteristics 77-87
Hydrogen peroxide 94
Hyperglycaemia 247
Hypertension 94, 200, 247, 282, 285
Hypothermia 206-207
Immortality 212
Immune system 114, 186, 230
In vitro life span 210-224
Infant mortality 198
Infections 108, 200
Inheritance
of the duration of life 32-38
Initial virtual age
of the population 266
of the system 260
Insects 295-299
Instantaneous mortality rate see Force of mortality
Insulin 247
Integrated programme fo the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases 116
Intensity of risk of death see Force of mortality
Ionizing radiation 207, 295, 296, 300, 305-307
Ischemic heart disease 200, 203, 279, 281, 283
K-criterion 55, 56
Kinetics of mortality and survival 19
Keratinocytes 223
Kidney 200
failure 247
Kolmogorov-Smirnov lambda test 62
Largest characteristic life span 124
Laws of mortality 39-63
Length of life see Life span
Leukemia 108
Life
annihilation vs. life prolongation
292
expectancy (ex) 24-39
prolongation 7, 9, 106-116,
205-210,
292
Life span
absolute superior limit for 21
biological characteristics 72-85
body weight and, 174, 310
determinants, priority of parental
characters
177
distribution, methodological principles for
selecting 49-50
extension 7, 9, 19, 106-116,
205-210,
292
familial correlations 32-38
gender differences in 87-89
genetics of 32-38, 158
human 119-129
inheritance 32-38
maximum 119-124
mean 22
potential 131
record 124
selection 33-35
sex differences 19, 87-89
species-specific 117-156
variability
heterogeneity
hypothesis 31
stochastic
hypothesis
31
Life tables
abridged 64, 68
cohort 24, 64
complete 64
construction 24, 64-66
cross-sectional (current, period,
time-specific)
64
example 25
historical background 11-12
Lifetime see Life span
Limited reliability of the organism hypothesis 106, 112-116
Limiting distribution 236, 240
Lipid peroxidation 94, 181, 207, 210, 318
Liver 273
cirrhosis 199, 280, 283
Loading characteristic 230
Log-normal life span distribution 61
Longevity see Life span
Lung neoplasms 108, 200, 202-204, 279, 283
Lymphoma 108
Makeham term (parameter) 13, 44
Mammals 303-309
Mathematical mortality models 232-289
Maturation age 311
Maximal life span 117-132
Mechanism of mortality 113
Median age (survival) 17
Medical geography 86
Metabolic rate
duration of life and, 181, 182,
315
Mitochondria 181
Models of mortality 232-289
Molluscs 293-294
Morbidity
compression 132
Mortality
age pattern of 162-165
analysis 12-13
cohort studies in 23, 31, 64,
66
compensation effect of 148-156
decline in the world 72-85
differentials 19, 87, 90-97
historically stable indices of
77-87, 90-97
intensity function see Force of
mortality
mechanisms of 113
models 232-289
trends 72-85
Mortality amplification coefficient 280, 281
Multistage model 38
Mutagenes 210
Mutation 159, 188, 190
NADPH 185
Natural selection 158, 186, 245
Neoplasms 95, 108, 199-204, 209, 279, 282, 283
Nonspecific vulnerability state 112
Normal distribution 21, 22, 28-30, 53, 58, 62, 246, 257
Nutrition 207-210
Obesity 209
One foot in the grave state 114
Oxygen metabolism 181, 208, 318
Oxygen free radicals 318
Parental influence 32-38, 175-182
Period (current, cross-sectional, time-specific) life tables 64-66
Perks equation (formula) 45
Peroxidation 94, 181, 207, 210, 318
Phenomenon of historical stability of the age-dependent component of mortality 77-85
Planck distribution 242
Plants 16
Pneumonia 279, 284
Poikilotherms 206
Poisson distribution 254, 255, 257, 258
Polycyclic hydrocarbons 210, 316
Population
aging 9
density and longevity 8-9, 33
growth 7-9
heterogeneity 31-38
Potential
division 210-224
Potential longevity 131
Power (Weibull) law 45, 46, 61, 71-72, 241-243, 262, 263, 269, 270
Practical life span limit 134
Pregnancy 185
Predictors of longevity 165-205, 310-319
Prevention 116
superprimary 182
Principle
of best approximation with fewest
parameters
61
of theoretical justification 59
of two types of mortality 58,
61
of universality 61
Probability density function (dx) 24
Probability of cell death 216
Probability of death (qx) 24, 39-41, 43
Probability of surviving (lx) 39
Probability theory 58
Progeria 32
Program theories 157-165, 210-211, 227
Proliferative capacity 210-224
Proliferative lifespan 210-224
Prolonged life span 9
Protein
turnover rate and longevity 210,
317
Quantitative genetics 6
Radiation,
ionizing 207, 295, 296, 300,
305-307
Radical 318
Rat 29, 50, 52, 53, 155, 304-305
Rate of aging 285
Receptors 209
Rectangularization of the survival curve 115
Redundancy 185, 186, 231, 244, 245, 264, 270, 287
Regional differences in mortality 91-92
Regression
analysis 280
Rejuvenation 162
Relative brain weight and longevity 166, 310
Relative excess of male mortality (REMM) 199-200, 203
Reliability of death certificate diagnoses 108
Reliability theory 14, 225-231, 242
Replicative aging 210-224
Reproduction
survival and, 311, 315, 320
Residual mortality 280, 281
Respiration 177, 181
Retrospective studies (predictions) 98-106
Risk
factors 93, 174
Rotifers 293
Selection
for increased longevity 33-34
Selenium 93-95, 185, 323
heart disease and, 93-95
mortality and, 93-95
Sex
chromosomes 185, 186
differences
in
mortality
182-205
dimorphism 203
Sexual concordance coefficient 199-200, 203
Sexual maturation 208, 311
Sexually concordant causes of death 199-201, 205
Sexually inconcordant causes of death 202-203
Signal to noise ratio 207, 209
Size
body 310
brain 310
Sleep
longevity and, 311, 312, 315,
320
Socioeconomic risk factors 86-87, 196
Species longevity 117-156, 165-175, 293-299
Species-specific life span
invariants 132
limit 125
Specific metabolic rate 166, 181, 315
Stability 229
static 229
dynamic 229
State of nonspecific vulnerability 112
Statistics of extreme values (extremes) 58, 240
Stomach cancer 199-201, 203, 204, 279, 282
Strain effects 168
Strehler-Mildvan correlation 141-148
Stress 283
Suicide 9
Superoxide 318
dismutase (SOD) 175, 312
Survival
influence of diet 207-210
Survival curves
accidents and, 58, 203
body temperature and 154, 206-207
derectangularization 115
of women vs. men 87, 182-205
Swim-Hayflick phenomenon 216, 222
Systems analysis 12
T-lymphocytes 229-230
Temperature,
effect on longevity 206-207
Theoretical maximal age 135
Theories of aging
free radicals 94, 181, 207, 210,
318
genetical control 157-165,
210-211,
227
mutation 159, 188, 190, 210
programmed senescence 157-165,
210-211, 227
Theory of reliability 14, 225-231
Tissue culture 210-224
Tortoise 215
Toxins 210
Tuberculosis 200, 279, 280, 282
Tumor 95, 108, 199-204, 209, 279, 282, 283
Twins, longevity differences between 36-37, 112
Undernutrition 207-210
Uric acid 312, 322
Value of human life 10
Violence 111
Virus 212
Vitalism 228
Vitality 146
Vitamin A 313, 318, 322
Vitamin C 313, 318, 321
Vitamin E 313
Vitamins 209
Wear and tear hypothesis 207, 210, 224, 225
Weibull (power) distribution 45, 241-243, 262, 263, 269,
270
generalized form 46, 61, 71-72
Weight, body
mortality rate and, 174, 310
Weismann-Swim-Hayflick (WSH) concept 216, 224
Werner progeria 32
Women, survival pattern 87-89, 183, 197-205
World Health Organization (WHO) 110, 116, 278
Integrated Programme fo the prevention and
control of noncommunicable diseases 116
X-chromosome 185-186
Xenobiotics 210
Zygote 22, 181, 185